Intuition Science Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intuition Science Paper - Essay Example Intuition science is unique because the mind and the external environment are both taken into account. Understanding the environmental factors responsible for the emergence of human intuition is crucial to understanding intuition itself because it is a major influence on our actions. Intuition arises from the unconscious mind. This means that the sub-conscious mind has a significant role in determining our conscious behavior-a role that is larger and more important in the decisions we make every day of our lives. Moral behavior is included in all this and intuition science sheds light on the cognitive processes that affect moral decision making. Our evolved brains have acquired the complexity and the capacities they have from the acquisition and storage of the information that the brain continually receives from external stimuli via the senses (seeing, touching, hearing, etc.). The brains stores all of this information starting at birth. This information quickly grows as we age and e xperience the world. The brain has evolved to simultaneously use all of the stored data and hardly use any at all. The conscious and sub-conscious parts of the mind each process the data in different ways, but ways that have allowed for the emergence of abstract thought, the capacity to rationalize, and to become moral creatures.

Disease Trends and the Delivery of Health Care Servies Essay Example for Free

Disease Trends and the Delivery of Health Care Servies Essay INTRODUCTION Americans use health care services every day, and they use them for a number of different reasons. Whether it is for preventing or curing illness, mending broken bones, delivering infants, or perhaps long term care in a nursing home there has been and will always continue to be a consistent need for the health care industry. According to an article published by the National Center for Health Care Statistics, there are a number of different factors that determine how much health care people use, the various types of care that they use, and the timing of care that they seek (Bernstein, Hing, Moss, Allen, Siller and Tiggle, 2003). These factors could include many different variables; however, for the purpose of this paper we will discuss how trends such as the aging population, and the growing rate of obesity in America are likely to influence the delivery of health care services in the future. THE AGINING POPULATION The population of the United States on April 1, 2010 was 308.7 million people. This is according to an article regarding the 2010 Census report (Howden Meyer, 2011). In the same article the age composition of the population is broken down. It shows that those aged infant to 18 accounted for 24.0 percent of the country’s population. In addition citizens between the ages of 18 and 44 represented 36.5 percent, and those 45 to 64 made up 26.4 percent of the population. Finally, individuals aged 65 or older accounted for 13.0 percent of the United States population (Howden Meyer, 2011). These numbers are expected to change significantly over the next few decades. More specifically, the older population which consists of  individuals 65 or older is expected to grow rapidly. This expected growth is largely in part due to the generation known as the baby boomers. This concept is supported in another article published by the U.S. Census Bureau. It states, Between 2010 and 2050, the United States is projected to experience rapid growth in its older population. In 2050, the number of Americans aged 65 and older is projected to be 88.5 million, more than double its projected population of 40.2 million in 2010. The baby boomers are largely responsible for this increase in the older population, as they will begin crossing into this category in 2011. (Vincent Velkoff, 2010, para 2). In addition, there are other factors that support the population growing older. These factors include a decline in fertility rates, and an increase in the age of average life expectancy. It goes without saying that older generations have different medical needs then do younger generation. Furthermore, as the populations grows older there will be a greater demand for health care services. According to a summary report published by the University of Albany it is estimated that 84 percent of people 65 or older are likely to suffer from at least one chronic medical condition. Such conditions include cancer, heart disease and diabetes to name a few (2006). Along with rising health care needs there will be a greater demand for prescription medications as well. In conjunction with these factors the need for long term care facilities will grow also. As we know already when there is a demand for something there must also be an adequate supply. There is great concern that as the population ages it is probable that the supply of health care services may not be enough. In the same summary published by the University of Albany it states, The expected growth of the older adult pop ulation in the U.S. over the next 50 years will have an unprecedented impact on the U.S. health care system, especially in terms of supply and demand for health care workers. The supply of health care workers may decrease as they age and large numbers retire and/or reduce their working hours. At the same time, older adults consume a disproportionately large share of American health care services, so the demand for health services will grow. The aging population will also affect the nature of the skills and services the health care workforce must be equipped to provide, and the settings in which this care is provided.  (2006, page 2) In addition, there will not just be a greater need for health care professionals such as psycians, nurses, lab technicians and more. There will also be a large necessity for advancements in health care technologies and facilities. We know that there is nothing that can be done to stop the process of aging itself; however, there are measures that can be taken to reduce the health complications that are related to aging. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a few opportunities to improve health and quality of life in older generations include promoting healthy lifestyle choices such as quitting smoking, and increasing the use of preventative services (2011). THE GROWING RATE OF OBESITY Obesity is a disease that is associated with having an excess amount of body fat. It is condition that has been linked to a number of different medical issues including diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and stroke to name a few. As reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over one-third of the population is considered obese costing the United States an estimated $147 billion in 2008 (2013). Although the numbers are already astonishing they are only expected to grow in the future. An article featured in the American Medical News predicts that if the obesity trends continue to rise by 2030 an estimated 50 percent of America’s men and 45 to 52 percent of its women will be obese (Henry, 2011). There are many factors that contribute to the growing trend of obesity. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the environment around us does not support healthy lifestyle habits (2012). This is because we live in a world with advance d technologies and conveniences. With busy schedules it is often easy for people to give in to fast food or microwave dinners because they are quick and easy. It can also be difficult for people to get physical exercise because many neighborhoods around the country lack safe places for recreation, or affordable gyms (The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). A few different demographic factors linked to the obesity trend include age, sex, and race. As mentioned previously, Americans spent as estimated $147 billion for health care services in 2008. This number is expected to grow substantially  over time. One author wrote that the cost of obesity is expected to reach $344 billion by the year 2018 (Thorpe, n.d.). These numbers are outrages. In addition to the rising health care cost that stems from obesity we have to be concerned about the health complications that can come with the disease. Obesity has been linked to an insane number of health conditions including type II diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, some forms of cancer, sleep apnea and many more. There are steps that can be taken to prevent obesity, and the health issues that are associated with it. Eating healthy is vital, and not always as easy as it sounds. It can be so very easy to fall into food traps but we should focus our time and energ y towards foods that are rich in nutrients and low in calories. These foods include lean meats and proteins, fruits and vegetables, and whole grains. It is also important to exercise on a regular basis. Exercises such as walking, swimming, or running are excellent. In addition, reversing the obesity epidemic in America is going to require a community effort. Schools, places of business, and government agencies should all be involved in this mission. CONCLUSION As our population ages, and obesity rates rise in America there is no doubt that the health care industry will need to adapt. These issues will require many advancements is medical technology, as well as a larger supplies of health care professionals including doctors, nurses, mental health providers, lab technicians, long term care providers, and administrators. The list could go on and on. Therefore, in the next few decades it will be important for the industry to recruit, and adequately train new health care professionals as the baby boomer population nears retirement. Moving forward, it will also be important for the community, and not just the health care world, to implement new ways to encourage preventative care. This will require many different organizations to become involved, most especially schools because the key to prevention is education. If the younger generations are taught the healthy way to live, and if more parents lead by example the future of this country would i n turn be much more healthy. The world of health care is ever changing, and there are many different  trends that affect it. As the future rolls forward it will be most interesting to see how health care professionals adapt to each trend. REFERNCES Bernstein, A. B., Hing, E., Moss, A. J., Allen K. F., Siller A.B. Tiggle R. B. (2003). Health Care in America: Trends in Utilization. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/healthcare.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/aging.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Obesity and Overweight. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html Henry, T. A. (2011). U.S. Obesity Rate Expected to Reach 50% by 2030. Retrieved from http://www.amednews.com/article/20110912/health/309129951/4/ Howden, L. M., Meyer, J. M. (2011). Age and Sex Composition: 2010. 2010 Census Briefs. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-03.pdf Thorpe, K. (n.d.). New Data Shows Obesity Costs Will Grow to $344 Billion by 2018. Retrieved fr om http://www.fightchronicdisease.org/media-center/releases/new-data-shows-obesity-costs-will-grow-344-billion-2018 University of Albany. (2006). The Impact of the Aging Population on the Health Workforce in the United States: Summary of Key Findings. Retrieved from http://www.albany.edu/news/pdf_files/impact_of_aging_excerpt.pdf U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2012). What Causes Overweight and Obesity?. Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/obe/causes.html Vincet, G. K., Velkoff, Victoria A. (2010). The Next Four Day Decades the Older Population in the United States: 2010 to 2050: U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p25-1138.pdf

Zuzanna Zommer Case Study

Zuzanna Zommer Case Study The following essay examines a case study on a young child that was sexually abused and murdered by a known sex offender, and the serious case review that was written on the case. This essay will also discuss the basic legal policies and the frame work of the Children Act 1989, 2004 and Every Child Matters: National Service Framework. It will demonstrate the understanding of the different types of abuse, an understanding of the child protection system and how it applies to the common assessment frame work. Also the importance of working in a child centred manner will be understood. This essay will criticise the different approaches of multi-professional tactics on child protection. It will take a look at the Lord Laming and Munro reports that were put in place between the death of Victoria Climbie and baby P and safeguarding reforms planned to prevent future deaths. Zuzanna Zommer was a 14 year old girl who came to live the United Kingdom with her parents and young bother from Poland. Not long after the move, Zuzanna was sexually abused and murdered by a known sex offender named Michael Clark who lived two doors down from the Zommers. Unknown to the family and his past history, Clark befriended the Zommer family and would go to family barbeques (Brooke 2008). See appendix 1. Statistics show that nearly a quarter of young adults are sexual abused during childhood, in 2010 and 2011 17.727 children under the age of sixteen were sexually abused in England and Wales (NSPCC 2012). Several agencies failed in the case of Zuzanna Zommer (BBC News England 2012) due to failed communication between agencies. Michael Clark moved to Leeds after being released from Hull prison prior to meeting the Zommer. Humberside police failed to provide the public protection agencies in Leeds with enough warning that Clark would be moving to the area (BBC News England 2012). See appendix 2 A serious case review was released in March 2012 on Zuzanna Zommer which states that Clarks childhood was unhappy. His parents divorced when he was three years old and was brought up by his mother and stepfather, of which he witnessed domestic violence with his mother regularly using physical abuse. Clark was bullied at school and then expelled from junior school before going to a school for the deaf (Cocker 2012). See appendix 3 Over the past thirty years, theories of child maltreatment have shifted from single- cause models (e.g. the transgenerational transmission of child maltreatment, which saw children who grew up with abuse becoming abusive adults) to more integrated and multi-faceted perspectives, emphasising instead a number of interacting factors (Azar et al, 1998; Thomas et al, 2003). Research repeatedly suggests that a history of childhood abuse is associated with low educational attainment and poor physical and mental health in adulthood (Gilbert et al, 2009b; Safeguarding and protecting children are supported by a complicated system of legislation, guidance, regulation, and procedures (Stafford,Vincent,Parton 2010). Within the UK, the Department of Health defines child maltreatment in terms of inflicting harm and/or by failing to act to prevent harm to children (Department of Health, 2006 p26). Significant is not defined in the Act, although it does say that the court should compare the health and development of the child with that which could be reasonably expected of a similar child. So the courts have to decide for themselves what constitutes significant harm by looking at the facts of each individual case (NSPCC factsheet 2012 p2) Within the overall category of child maltreatment, four categories of abuse are traditionally recognised (WHO, 2006) World Health Organisation (2006) Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence. World Health Organization and International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. The abuse towards Zuzanna Zommer took 11 months to result in her death during which the sexual abuse of the child went undetected. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594365_eng.pdf [Accessed 25 Feb 2010] Sidebotham et al (2006) observed that a wide range of factors are associated with child maltreatment, with the strongest risks coming from socio-economic deprivation and parental background, including poor mental health. Community-level variables consistently linked to child maltreatment include lack of social support (including the availability of childcare), neighbourhood poverty and the accessibility of alcohol (Coulton et al, 1995; 1999; 2007; Korbin et al, 1998; Molnar et al, 2003). Social factors, such as beliefs about using physical punishment to discipline children and the portrayal of violence and sex in the media may additionally contribute to abusive behaviour towards children (Belsky, 1993; Straus and Mathur, 1996). Belsky, J. (1993) Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental-ecological analysis. Psychological Bulletin 114: 413-434. Following the death of Victoria Climbie, who was known to the social services and many other agencies within the social sector? Victorias parents stated they had noted that the social worker blames the doctors, front line staff blames the management, mangers blame the council, and the councils blame the government for lack of funding. Response to the fallings were I am poorly managed, not my job, (Laming,2003, evidence 19 February 2002,p97). Lord Laming was invited to carry out an enquiry looking at the situations leading up to Victorias death. His report had a 108 recommendation to safe guard children in the future, this inquiry became known as the Laming Report (Laming 2003). Deryk Mead of Action for Children stated, I do believe that inquiry reports have made a positive difference to the child protection system, and I have every confidence that Lord Lamings report will do so too (Katwala and Ciglerova 2003 p5). However there was some criticism to his report Caroline Abrahams and Debora Lightfoot from the Action for Children stated the report was looking more at the case of Victoria Climbie and not at children in general in regards to child protection (Abraham and Lightfoot 2003). .According to Harry Ferguson, a professor of social work at the University of the West of England, Lamings report focuses too heavily on the implementation of new structures and fails to understand the keen intuition that child protection work demands. (Ferguson 2003 p5) All areas of the UK have policies to safeguard children and young people, to be able to protect them and advertise their general well-being. In 2006 Working Together was re- published on which ideas have been further developed which was again called Working Together to safeguarding Children: A Guide to inter- agency Working to Safeguarding and Promote The Welfare of Children (HM Government 2006). In 2004 England and Wales were the first to deliver the policy frame work Every Child Matters and recognised the five outcome for children and young people. This was a response to the Laming Report (2003) and to safeguarding children (Department of health 2002). From this the Common assessment framework (CAF) was implemented and used when assessing children and familys Suffolk County Council (2012) Every Child Matters was planned to be put in place in 2008, however before it was due to be released the tragic death of baby P happened and the medias response was very critical to all the services involved in his case (Stafford,Vincent,Parton 2010). The system had failed again baby p there had been over sixty visits with the family different health and social care professional he died after 48h of being in hospital (Stafford,Vincent,Parton 2010). Criticism has been made regarding Every Child Matters and the Children Act 2004 on what should have been a positive social policy programme, is that it only relates to England. Hilton and Mills (2006) Stated that Every Child matters invades the rights of childrens privacy under article 8 of the European Convention Rights. The loss of space the officer of the Information Commissioner found that children themselves were worried about the invasion of their own privacy (Hilton and Mills 2006). While they create a way of seeing and suggest a way of acting, they also tend to create ways of not seeing, and eliminate the possibility of actions associated with alternative views of the world.(Morgan, 1986, p 202) Other criticism has been made regarding Every Child Matters and the Children Act 2004 on what should have been a positive social policy programme, is that it only relates to England (Hoyle 2012) All areas of the United Kingdom are committed to promoting all areas of the national frame work for young people and children. (Stafford,Vincent,Parton 2010). There is no separate legislation for child protection but legislation covers childs welfare, including support for children in need and children in need of protection (Lindon 2008). While all parts of the United Kingdom have had some restructuring in recent years to the child protection policy, not much change has been done to the legislation. The children Acts which was put in place the 1980s and 1990s these acts are an intervention in family life to help protect children from abuse and neglect ,and the definition of significant harm and children in need theses have not been amended (Owen,2009) The 1989 Children Act still remains, but the Children act 2004has made some amendments. The Children Act 2004 is primarily about new statutory leadership roles, joint planning and commissioning of childrens services, and how organisation ensure their functions are discharged in a way which safeguards children and promotes the welfare (Owen 2009 p.17). Section eleven enforced agencies that are working with children and young people to safeguard and promote their welfare, another change was that the Child Protection Committees were replaced by Local Safeguarding Boards ((Stafford,Vincent,Parton 2010). In 2010 the Government- commissioned Professor Eileen Munro to evaluate the safe guarding practice one of the recommendation was to ask that the ministers establish a national chief social worker whom will advise minister and that the council should be obliged to ensure sufficient provision such as sure start and other support schemes.(Butler 2010) The report found that safeguarding had indeed become overly dependent on procedures and paperwork, with frontline professionals spending over 60% of their time in front of computer screens(Butler 2010 p4) Munro said: A one-size-fits-all approach is not the right way for child protection services to operate. Top-down government targets and too many forms and procedures are preventing professionals from being able to give children the help they need and assess whether that help has made a difference.( Munro review 2010) Some key weakness were found in with the Munro Review this was from social workers, stating that the review states what is being done but dose not offer the path to a better child protection system in the future? (Parliament 2012). In Conclusion this essay has examined an horrific news report on the sexual abuse and the death of Zuzanna Zommer and the back ground of her perpetrator it has looked at how the system failed to protect her from such an ordeal. It has also

Samuel 24 Essay -- Bible, Census, David

Passage Analysis Essay: David takes a Census Historical/Cultural The Biblical passage found in 2 Samuel 24 tells the story of king David taking a census of Israel and Judah and in result of this, receiving punishment from God.The two books of Samuel were previously one book but were divided in the Hebrew Bible in the fifteenth century. The two books, along with I and II Kings make up a four part history of the kings of Israel. Seeing as the books of I and II Samuel cover a large span of time in Israel's history, no one man could have lived through the entire history and written the books by himself. Because of this, many scholars believe that there are multiple authors of the books in addition to multiple outside sources having been used to create this completion (NBD â€Å"Samuel, the book of† 1056). The main focus of this story is on the census that David took of Israel and Judah. A census in the ancient near east, during the reign of David was much different than the censuses which are taken today. Today, a census is a numbering of all citizens, male and female which includes details such as age, sex, and race. During reign of David, censuses were taken primarily for specific purposes, such as the distribution of rations, fiscal revenues, or military levies (ABD â€Å"Census†). Concerning the census taken by David in 2 Samuel 24, it is a count of the number of men of military age from the the border of Dan, which is located in the north of Israel, just below Mt. Hermon and Beer-sheeba, which is a town located in the south Judean desert (ABD â€Å"Dan† and â€Å" Beer-sheba† 641, 12). The story of David being punished by God for taking a census takes place in the nation of Israel during the four hundred-year dynasty of king David. During h... ...passage but at the root of it all is David's humanity. Though David was anointed and a â€Å"man after God's own heart†, he made many mistakes. This passage shows that David was not perfectly in tune with God's voice at all times. David did something God clearly did not want him to do, and did not realize the consequences until after the sin had already been committed. However, even though David did sin, and his sin was punished, he had a heart of repentance when he realized what he had done and was willing to make things right at all costs. Theologically, the lesson that should be drawn from this is that it was not David's actions which made him great, but his heart to please God, and even greater, God's heart of mercy towards him. If it had not been for God's intervention, David would have been nothing more but another man.

Impact of Video Games in Society

A video game is an interactive computer that displays a video signal, allowing you to play thousands of games on your television or handheld video game device. (Wikipedia, Video Game) We have came a very long way since the very first type of video game console was invented by Ralph Baer in 1967. From the very first console, the â€Å"Brown Box† to the more interactive video game consoles such as the Wii, Playstation, XBOX or the handheld Nintendo DS. Regardless of which video game is being used, it has made a huge impact in life's of many children, as well as adults today.In the beginning, the games were user friendly and parents did not have much to worry about if they purchased a video game for their child. Take Pac Man for example, a very simple game where the player â€Å"Pac Man† eats dots and tries to avoid getting touched by an enemy. Now in 2012, we have games such as Call of Duty which focuses on killing members of the opposite team. As we as a society became m ore developed in technology, the video game systems became more and more high tech. For today's generation, playing a 3D interactive video game is normal.The manifest function of video game systems of today is the ability to connect the console to your television and even internet and play virtually with friends online. In 2009, it was reported by the Entertainment Software Association that nearly sixty-eight percent of households told have at least one gaming system. There are many video games aimed at children today that can be used as a learning tool. However, the amount of violent games greatly outweighs the educational ones. There are many sociological impacts from video gaming systems today.Gaming systems are a very popular way of keeping children and teenagers entertained. Teenagers and children are becoming more and more addicted to these gaming systems everyday, which could lead to many issues such as poor school work or childhood obesity. Instead of doing homework or playi ng outside as we did before video games became popular, children are spending hours a day sitting on the couch due to the addictiveness of these games. Many of the games being sold today are full violence and teaching children bad morals such as sexuality, drug trafficking and even rape. According to Dr.Craig Morrison, a professor of psychology at Iowa State University, even if children are playing games without violence, these children are forty percent more likely to show aggressive behavior after playing. The latent functions of these video gaming systems are quite clear. If we continue to allow children to play them it will lead to childhood obesity, violence as they grow older and even lack of motivation to communicate with the real world. In 2007 a sixteen year old boy in Ohio killed his own mother and shot his father simply because they took a game away from him, â€Å"Halo 3. According to the boy's lawyer, he was injured in an accident that did not allow him to go anywhere, so he focused all of his time, energy, and mostly anger on playing this video game. When his parents decided the game was too violent, they took it away, causing the boy to snap. This is just one example of how video games can unintentionally lead to violence, and in this case death. The University of Texas performed a study on the relations of childhood obesity and video games.Results were found to be that video games, due to their addictiveness were the cause of the children's overweight status, and not linked to watching television as some may argue. It was found that children with a high weight status spent more time inside and less time performing outside activities, such as sports or riding bicycles. Perhaps the parents are to blame for allowing their children to do this; however, many parents today are of the working class group, sometimes being forced to leave their children unattended to do whatever they please. Each and every video game is required to have a rating. There are seven total.Early childhood being the most non-violent and inappropriate. The rating Adults Only, requiring the purchaser to be eighteen years or older. Titles in this category usually include scenes of intense violence and or graphic sexual content and nudity. Even with the ratings, these video games are still getting into the hands of children. As our society and technology begins to grow, the problem will continue to worsen.Citations: (Iowa State University Newspaper Article) http://www. public. iastate. edu/~nscentral/news/2007/mar/vvg. shtml (Cleavlead. com Article) http://blog. cleveland. com/metro/2008/12/boy_killed_mom_and_shot_dad_ov. html

Personality and Emotions Exam Essay Example

Personality and Emotions Exam Essay Example Personality and Emotions Exam Paper Personality and Emotions Exam Paper Which of the following are classifications on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator? Chapter 4 Personality and Emotions MULTIPLE CHOICE Personality 1. Personality is: a. always stable. b. a part of a person. c. an aggregate whole. d. comprised of traits that cannot be measured. (c; Easy; p. 93) 2. An individual’s personality is determined by: a. heredity. b. environment. c. situational factors. d. all of the above (d; Easy; p. 94) 3. Which of the following is a personality determinant? a. heredity b. environment c. both a and b d. neither a nor b (c; Easy; pp. 94-95) 4.Which of the following personality shaping forces is not environmental? a. parents’ height b. experience c. Protestant ethic d. culture (a; Moderate; p. 95) 5. Factors that are considered environmental influences on our personality include all the following except: a. birth order. b. heredity. c. culture. d. family norms. (b; Moderate; p. 95) 6. If personality characteristics were completely dictated by ______, they would be fixed at birth and no amount of experience could alter them. a. job satisfaction b. heredity c. environment d. situation (b; Moderate; p. 95) 7. â€Å"Bob is easy-going at home, but at work he becomes very tense and anxious. This statement attributes Bob’s personality more to which of the following? a. heredity b. environment c. situation d. locus of control (c; Moderate; p. 95) 8. All of the following are listed as part of the â€Å"Sixteen Primary Traits† except: a. communicative. b. practical. c. trusting. d. submissive. (a; Challenging; Exh. 4-2; p. 97) 9. According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, ____ are conceptualizers. a. INTJs b. ESTJs c. ENTPs d. MBTIs (c; Moderate; p. 96) 10. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator examines all of the following except: a. extroverted/introverted. b. sensing/intuitive. c. perceiving/judging. . intelligent/challenged. (d; Easy; p. 96) 11. Choose the word that best describes an ESTJ. a. quiet b. domineering c. reser ved d. organizer (d; Challenging; p. 96) 12. A personality attribute that has potential for predicting behavior in organizations is: a. Machiavellianism. b. type A personality. c. locus of control. d. all of the above (d; Easy; p. 97) 13. Which of the following is not included in the Big Five model? a. agreeableness b. conscientiousness c. gregariousness d. emotional stability (c; Easy; p. 97) 14. Which dimension of the Big Five model refers to an individual’s propensity to defer to others? . extraversion b. agreeableness c. emotional stability d. openness to experience (b; Moderate; p. 97) 15. Which dimension of the Big Five model is a measure of reliability? a. extraversion b. agreeableness c. emotional stability d. openness to experience (c; Moderate; p. 97) 16. People who consistently believe they control their own destinies have a: a. high extroversion. b. high internal locus of control. c. Type A personality. d. high propensity for risk-taking. (b; Easy; p. 97) 17. Indi viduals who rate high in externality (external locus of control): a. are less satisfied with their jobs. . have lower absenteeism rates. c. are less alienated from the work setting. d. are more involved on their jobs. (a; Challenging; p. 97) 18. All of the following are characteristic traits of people with a high external locus of control with the exception of which of the following? a. They are less satisfied with their jobs. b. They have higher absenteeism rates. c. They are less alienated from the work setting. d. They are less involved on their jobs. (c; Moderate; p. 98) 19. People with an internal locus of control tend to: a. quit their jobs more often than those with an external locus of control. b. uit their jobs less often than those with an external locus of control. c. perform better on their jobs. d. start their own businesses. (c; Moderate; p. 98) 20. A person who believes that ends can justify means can be said to have the characteristic of: a. authoritarianism. b. Mach iavellianism. c. external locus of control. d. risk-taking. (b; Easy; p. 99) 21. An individual high in Machiavellianism is best described as: a. maintaining emotional distance, being highly authoritative, believing in swift discipline. b. being impulsive, emotionally involved, and having strong ethical beliefs. c. eing pragmatic, maintaining emotional distance, and believing ends can justify means. d. tending to make a poor manager. (c; Moderate; p. 99) 22. High Machs: a. manipulate more. b. are persuaded less. c. win more. d. all of the above (d; Moderate; p. 99) 23. _____ is the degree to which people like or dislike themselves. a. Self-esteem b. Authoritarianism c. Locus of control d. Machiavellianism (a; Moderate; p. 100) 24. People high in the trait self-esteem: a. are less likely to take unpopular stands than low SEs. b. tend to be more satisfied with their jobs than low SEs. c. tend to be less satisfied with their jobs than low SEs. . tend to be more concerned with pleasing o thers than low SEs. (b; Challenging; p. 100) 25. High SEs: a. believe they possess more of the ability they need in order to succeed in work. b. will take more risks in job selection. c. are less susceptible to external influences than low SEs. d. all of the above (d; Challenging; p. 100) 26. How would you describe an individual who is capable of presenting striking contradictions between who they are in public and who they are privately? a. low self-esteem b. high self-esteem c. low self-monitoring d. high self-monitoring (d; Moderate; p. 100) 27. Low self-monitors: a. ave a low behavioral consistency between who they are and what they do. b. can disguise themselves well. c. tend to pay less attention to the behavior of others than high self-monitors. d. tend to be more mobile in their careers. (c; Challenging; p. 100) 28. Which of the following has the highest risk-taking propensity? a. an accountant performing auditing activities b. a stock trader in a brokerage firm c. a compute r technologist d. a marketing representative (b; Moderate; pp. 100-101) 29. An individual who is aggressively involved in a chronic incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time is a(n): a.Type A. b. Type B. c. Type AB. d. extrovert. (a; Easy; p. 101) 30. Which of the following is true of the Type A personality? a. The Type A is more successful than the Type B. b. Type A’s can play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit superiority. c. Type A’s are obsessed with numbers and measure their success in terms of how much of everything they acquire. d. Type A’s feel no need to discuss their achievements. (c; Moderate; p. 101) 31. All of the following are characteristics of Type A personality except which of the following? a. They operate under moderate to high levels of stress. b. They are faster workers. . They feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place. d. They feel no need to display or discuss either their achievement or accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the situation. (d; Moderate; p. 101) 32. A Type A personality would be most likely to: a. be easy going. b. enjoy leisure and quiet time. c. eat his meals quickly. d. concentrate on only one task at a time. (c; Easy; p. 101) 33. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Type B personality? a. never suffers from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience b. plays for fun and relaxation c. trives to think or do two or more things at once d. can relax without guilt (c; Moderate; p. 101 ) 34. Which of the following is a true statement? a. We would expect to find more Type A’s in a capitalistic country. b. It is estimated that about 25% of the North American population is Type A. c. There are common personality types for a given country. d. We should expect that most North Americans would have an external locus of control. (a; Challenging; pp. 101-102) 35. ____ demonstrate their competitiveness by wor king long hours and not infrequently, making poor decisions because they make them too fast. . High SEs b. Type As c. Type Bs d. Self-monitors (b; Easy; pp. 101-102) 36. What percentage of North Americans are Type A personality? a. 10% b. 30% c. 50% d. 75% (c; Challenging; p. 102) 37. Holland’s theory of personality-job fit argues that job satisfaction is highest and turnover lowest where: a. personality and occupation are in agreement. b. an individual is highly motivated. c. salary is high. d. employees have an education. (a; Easy; p. 103) 38. People in ____believe that life is essentially preordained. a. America b. Canada c. Middle Eastern countries d. Brazil c; Moderate; p. 102) 39. Which one of the following statements is true about the six personality types developed in Holland’s personality-job fit theory? a. People basically have similar personalities. b. Diagonally opposite types are most alike. c. Satisfaction is high when one’s personality type is con gruent with his or her work environment. d. Organizations can teach a person to have the proper personality type. (c; Moderate; pp. 103-104) 40. The â€Å"realistic† personality from Holland’s typology of personality and congruent occupations would be well suited for which of the following jobs? . painter b. accountant c. mechanic d. lawyer (c; Challenging; Exh. 4-3; p. 104) 41. The â€Å"enterprising† personality from Holland’s typology of personality and congruent occupations would exhibit which of the following personality characteristics? a. imaginative, disorderly, idealistic b. shy, genuine, persistent c. sociable, friendly, cooperative d. self-confident, ambitious, energetic (d; Moderate; Exh. 4-3; p. 104) 42. _______ developed a Vocational Preference Inventory questionnaire that contains 160 occupational titles. a. Maslow b. Holland c. Hofstede d. Herzberg (b; Easy; p. 103) 43.Since the rise of scientific management, organizations have been specif ically designed with the objective of trying to control emotions. This is known as: a. the affective component of emotions. b. the myth of rationality. c. cognitive dissonance. d. emotional negation. (b; Moderate; p. 105) 44. _____ is (are) less intense feelings which lack a contextual stimulus. a. Internal stimuli b. Affect c. Emotions d. Moods (d; Moderate; p. 106) 45. ______ theory suggested people in job environments congruent with their personality types should be more satisfied and are less likely to voluntarily resign than should people in incongruent jobs. . Holland’s person-job fit b. Nunnally’s Big Five c. Hofstede’s d. The GLOBE team’s (a; Easy; p. 1-4) 46. _____ is (are) reactions to an object, not a trait. They are object-specific. a. Internal stimuli b. Affect c. Emotions d. Moods (c; Moderate; p. 106) 47. Which of the following is not true concerning emotions? a. Some emotions can reduce employee performance. b. Employees bring an emotional component with them to work every day. c. The role of emotions does not have to be studied in organizational behavior. d. In the past, emotions were rarely viewed as being constructive. c; Moderate; pp. 105-106) 48. If an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions, _____ is being expended. a. emotional labor b. negative synergy c. dissonance d. emotional intelligence (a; Easy; p. 106) 49. _____ is a generic term that covers a broad range of feelings that people experience. a. Affect b. Emotions c. Moods d. Emotional labor (a; Easy; p. 106) 50. Which of the following is not true with respect to the role that emotions play in the workplace? a. Ability to effectively manage emotions may be critical to success in leadership positions. . Emotions can hinder performance. c. Emotions can enhance performance. d. Emotional labor recognizes that feelings should be stifled because they are not part of a job’s required behavior. (d; Challengin g; p. 106) 51. Emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job are termed: a. felt emotions. b. displayed emotions. c. conditional emotions. d. exposed emotions. (b; Moderate; p. 106) 52. _____ are an individual’s actual emotions. a. Felt emotions b. Displayed emotions c. Conditional emotions d. Exposed emotions (a; Moderate; p. 106) 53. ____ are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. a. Felt emotions b. Displayed emotions c. Conditional emotions d. Exposed emotions (b; Moderate; p. 106) 54. _____ is when an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions. a. Felt emotions b. Displayed emotions c. Conditional emotions d. Exposed emotions (d; Moderate; pp. 106-107) 55. Which of the following is not one of the six universal emotions? a. anger b. fear c. hate d. sadness (c; Moderate; p. 107) 56. People who have a lack of emotion suffer from: a. self-awareness. b. alexithymia. . felt emotions. d. displayed emotions. (b; Moderate; p. 109) 57. Which of the following statements is not true about the difference between men and women when it comes to emotional reactions and ability to read others? a. Women show greater emotional expression. b. Men express emotions more intensely. c. Men express anger more frequently. d. Women are better at reading nonverbal cues. (b; Moderate; pp. 109-110) 58. Which of the following is not true concerning cultural influences impacting emotions? a. Cultural factors influence what is or isn’t considered as emotionally appropriate. b.What’s acceptable in one culture may seem unusual or even dysfunctional in another. c. All cultures agree on the interpretation they give to emotions. d. There tends to be high agreement on what emotions mean within cultures. (c; Moderate; pp. 110-111) 59. Which of the following is not a dimension of emotional intelligence? a. self-awareness b. self-management c. self-motivation d. self-evalu ation (d; Moderate; p. 111) 60. _____ refers to an assortment of noncognitive skills, capabilities, and competencies that influence a person’s ability to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressures. a.Emotional intelligence b. IQ c. Learned intelligence d. Aptitude (a; Easy; p. 111) 61. Leaving early, sabotage, gossiping, and verbal abuse are examples of: a. involuntary actions that violate norms. b. employee deviance. c. emotional labor. d. emotional quotient factors. (b; Moderate; p. 113) TRUE/FALSE Personality 62. All our behavior is somewhat shaped by our personalities. (True; Easy; p. 94) 63. Personality is the sum total of the way in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others. (True; Easy; p. 94) 64. Personality looks at the parts of the person rather than the aggregate whole. False; Easy; p. 94) 65. An adult’s personality is now generally considered to be made up of both hereditary and environmental factors, moderated by situational c onditions. (True; Moderate; pp. 94-95) 66. Researchers have found that genetics accounts for about 50 percent of the personality differences and more than 30 percent of the variation in occupational and leisure interests in studies of identical twins. (True; Challenging; p. 94) 67. If personality characteristics were completely dictated by heredity, they would be fixed at birth and no amount of experience could alter them. (True; Moderate; p. 95) 68.A trait can be described as a characteristic or behavior that is consistently exhibited in a large number of situations. (True; Moderate; p. 96) 69. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a 100-question personality test that types four characteristics into sixteen personality types. (True; Easy; p. 96) 70. Certain situations are more relevant than others in influencing personality. True; Moderate; p. 95) 71. A recent study of contemporary businesspeople who created supersuccessful firms found that all of these individuals were NTs. (True; Challe nging; pp. 96-97) 72. INTJs are visionaries. (True; Moderate; p. 96) 73.ESTJs are organizers. (True; Moderate; p. 96) 74. The ENTP type is a conceptualizer. (True; Moderate; p. 96) 75. If you were looking for an employee who was an organizer, you would probably choose one whose type is INTJ. (False; Challenging; p. 96) 76. A substantial body of research supports the MBTI as a valid measure of personality. (False; Easy; p. 97) 77. An impressive body of research supports that five basic personality dimensions underlie all others. (True; Moderate; p. 97) 78. The Big Five Model factor termed â€Å"extroversion† is probably a good predictor of job performance in most professions. (False; Challenging; p. 7) 79. Conscientiousness refers to an individual’s propensity to defer to others. (False; Moderate; p. 97) 80. Individuals with an internal locus of control believe that they are masters of their own fate. (True; Easy; p. 98) 81. Individuals who rate high in external locus o f control are more satisfied with their jobs and have lower absenteeism rates. (False; Moderate; pp. 98-99) 82. Individuals who have an internal locus of control tend to have lower absence rates. (True; Challenging; p. 99) 83. Overall evidence is that employees with an internal locus of control tend to perform better on their jobs. True; Challenging; p. 99) 84. Externals should do well in jobs that are well structured and routine and in which success depends heavily on complying with the direction of others. (True; Challenging; p. 99) 85. An individual low in Machiavellianism is pragmatic and believes that ends can justify means. (False; Moderate; p. 99) 86. Janet keeps emotional distance from her coworkers and believes that the ends can justify the means. Janet would rate high in Machiavellianism. (True; Moderate; pp. 99-100) 87. Self-esteem is directly related to expectations for success. (True; Moderate; p. 100) 88.Individuals with high SE are more likely to choose unconventional jobs. (True; Challenging; p. 100) 89. In managerial positions, low SEs will tend to be concerned with pleasing others. (True; Moderate; p. 100) 90. Low SEs tend to be more satisfied with their jobs than high SEs. (False; Moderate; p. 100) 91. Self-monitoring refers to an individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors. (True; Easy; p. 100) 92. Self-monitoring is the trait that considers the degree to which a person likes or dislikes himself. (False; Easy; p. 100) 93. Low self-monitors show high behavioral consistency. True; Moderate; p. 100) 94. Low risk-takers make more rapid decisions. (False; Moderate; pp. 100-101) 95. The evidence demonstrates that decision accuracy is the same for high and low risk-taking managers. (True; Moderate; p. 101) 96. Individuals with Type A personalities exhibit those characteristics highly prized by the North American culture. (True; Moderate; p. 101) 97. Zack is always moving and is impatient. He prefers w ork to leisure and seems obsessed with numbers. Zack is probably a Type B. (False; Easy; p. 101) 98. Type A personalities are never concerned with time. (False; Easy; p. 101) 9. Type B personalities feel no need to display or discuss their achievements unless such exposure is demanded by the situation. (True; Moderate; p. 101) 100. Type B’s tend to operate under more stress than Type A’s. (False; Easy; p. 101) 101Type As tend to be creative. (False; Challenging; p. 102) 102. The five personality factors identified in the Big Five Model appear in almost all cross-cultural studies. (True; Challenging; p. 102) 103. Each country has a common personality type. (False; Moderate; p. 102) 104. It is estimated that about 50 percent of the North American population is Type A. True, Moderate, p. 102) 105. Individuals with Holland’s â€Å"investigative† personality are well suited for careers as small business managers. (False; Challenging; Exh. 4-3; p. 104) 106. Hol land’s â€Å"conventional† personality, placed in the position of a cost accountant, is likely to be dissatisfied and quit. (False; Moderate; Exh. 4-3; p. 104) 107. Moods are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. (False; Moderate; p. 106) 108. The concept of emotional labor originally developed in relation to service jobs. (True; Challenging; p. 106) 109. Displayed emotions are innate. (False; Moderate; p. 06) 110. Felt emotions are an individual’s actual emotions. (True; Easy; p. 106) 111. Research has identified six universal emotions: anger, fear, sadness, happiness, disgust, and surprise. (True; Challenging; pp. 107-108) 112. People who suffer from alexithymia are well suited for managerial positions. (False; Moderate; p. 109) 113. Evidence confirms there is no real difference between men and women when it comes to emotional reactions and ability to read others. (False; Easy; pp. 109-110) 114. There tends to be high agreement on what em otions mean within cultures, but not between. (True; Moderate; p. 11) 115. People who are good at reading others’ emotions may be more effective in their jobs. (True; Easy; p. 111) 116. Actions called â€Å"employee deviance† are voluntary actions. (True; Challenging; p. 113) SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONS Application of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator You are assembling a team to work on a long-term project which requires creativity, stamina, and farsightedness. The only piece of information available to you is the Myers-Briggs Type of each of the applicants. Use your knowledge of the four basic characteristics of each person to choose people for the following situations. 17. You need to choose a lead person for the team. This person must have great vision and must have an original mind with great drive. You will probably pick: a. ENTP. b. INTJ. c. ENFP. d. ISFP. (b; Challenging; pp. 96-97) 118. You are looking for an organizer, a person on whom you can depend to be practic al and realistic. You will probably pick: a. ESTJ. b. ENTP. c. ISFP. d. INTJ. (a; Challenging; pp. 96-97) 119. You need a person who is innovative, individualistic, versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. You will probably choose: a. INTJ. b. ISFP. c.ENTP. d. ESFJ. (c; Challenging; pp. 96-97) Application of the Big Five Model You are the manager of a small boutique. You have decided to apply the Big Five Model in order to understand your employees and their work habits because it is generally supported by an impressive body of research. You want to use the five dimensions of personality to match individuals with jobs to which they are well-suited. 120. Michelle Jackson, one of your newest employees, is an extrovert. Which of the following statements is not true? a. You should expect Michelle to perform well as a salesperson. . Michelle will probably have a large number of relationships. c. Michelle will be friendly and outgoing. d. Michelle will be quite comfortable with solitude. (d; Moderate; p. 97) 121. You know that your customers are demanding and sometimes difficult. Which personality dimension taps a person’s ability to withstand stress? a. extroversion b. agreeableness c. conscientiousness d. emotional stability (d; Moderate; p. 97) 122. Jane Simpson rates low on conscientiousness. You should expect that she: a. will be easily distracted. b. will find comfort in the familiar. . will be nervous, depressed, and insecure. d. will be comfortable with solitude. (a; Challenging; p. 97) 123. Which of the five factors of personality will probably be most important in predicting organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)? a. extroversion b. agreeableness c. conscientiousness d. emotional stability (c; Challenging; p. 98) Application of Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB Mary Wood is a new manager. She recognizes that personality attributes can help to explain and predict employee behavior. 124. Mary’s employee, Bob, has a low ab senteeism rate.He takes responsibility for his health and has good health habits. He is likely to have: a. an internal locus of control. b. an external locus of control. c. a high Mach score. d. a high emotional stability level. (b; Moderate; pp. 98-101) 125. Mary has an opening for a position requiring a lot of face to face interaction with others. She should identify the employee with ______ for a good fit. a. a high Mach score b. a low Mach score c. an internal locus of control d. an external locus of control (a; Challenging; pp. 98-101) 126. Another position requires an employee who can take unpopular stands.She should identify the employee with ___ for a good fit. a. a high SE b. a low SE c. an internal locus of control d. an external locus of control (a, Challenging; pp. 98-101) Application of Person-Job Fit Theory You have decided to use Holland’s Typology of Personality and Congruent Occupations to help your friends who are college seniors understand for which jobs th ey would be well-suited. Monica is shy, stable and persistent. Neil is ambitious and energetic and likes to dominate conversations. Jessica is idealistic and impractical but very imaginative.Walter is efficient and practical, but he lacks imagination and tends to be inflexible. 127. Monica is majoring in interior design. Her personality type is â€Å"realistic† according to Holland’s Typology. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Monica’s personality type is well-suited to her major. b. Monica is better suited to be a bank teller. c. Someone with an â€Å"artistic† personality type would be better suited to a major in interior design. d. Interior design is a congruent occupation with a â€Å"social† personality type. (c; Challenging; Exh. 4-3; pp. 103-104) 128.Which of your friends is best suited to being an accountant? a. Walter b. Neil c. Jessica d. Monica (a; Moderate; Exh. 4-3; pp. 103-104) 129. Which of your friends is most likely to find a successful career as a writer? a. Walter b. Neil c. Jessica d. Monica (c; Moderate; Exh. 4-3; pp. 103-104) 130. Who might be well-suited to being a lawyer? a. Walter b. Neil c. Jessica d. Monica (b; Moderate; Exh. 4-3; pp. 103-104) SHORT DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 131. List and describe the three determinants of personality. (Pages 94-95) Personality is determined by heredity, environment, and the situation.Heredity refers to those factors that were determined at conception. The heredity approach argues that the ultimate explanation of an individual’s personality is the molecular structure of the genes, located in the chromosomes. Among the factors that exert pressures on our personality formation are the culture in which we are raised; our early conditioning; the norms among our family, friends, and social groups; and other influences that we experience. These environmental factors play a substantial role in shaping our personalities. The situation influences the effects of heredity and environment on personality.An individual’s personality, although generally stable and consistent, does change in different situations. The different demands of different situations call forth different aspects of one’s personality. 132. Identify the five key traits in the Big Five personality model. (Page 97) The five key traits in the Big Five personality model are extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. Extroversion captures one’s comfort level with relationships. Agreeableness refers to an individual’s propensity to defer to others. Conscientiousness is a measure of reliability.Emotional stability taps a person’s ability to withstand stress. Openness to experience addresses one’s range of interests and fascination with novelty. 133. What is locus of control? What is the difference between an internal and external locus of control? (Pages 97-98) A person’s per ception of the source of his or her fate is termed locus of control. Those who believe that they control their destinies have been labeled internals. Those who see their lives as being controlled by outside forces have been called externals. 134. Describe the Type A personality and its relationship to success. Pages 101-102) The Type A personality is always moving, walking, and eating rapidly; feels impatient with the rate at which most events take place; strives to think or do two or more things at once; cannot cope with leisure time; and is obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire. Despite the Type A’s hard work, the Type B’s are the ones who appear to make it to the top. 135. What is the â€Å"myth of rationality? † (Page 105) The myth of rationality is one possible explanation for little attention paid to emotions in the field of OB.Emotions such as frustration, fear, anger, love, hate, and jo y were the antithesis of rationality. Researchers and managers tried to create organizations that were emotion-free. We learned, however, that this was not possible since emotions are an inseparable part of everyday life. 136. What is the difference between felt emotions and displayed emotions? (Pages 106-107) You can better understand emotions if you separate them into felt versus displayed. Felt emotions are an individual’s actual emotions. In contrast, displayed emotions are those that are organizationally-required and considered appropriate in a given job.The key point here is that felt and displayed emotions are often different. MEDIUM LENGTH DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 137. Discuss the â€Å"Big Five† model of personality. (Page 97) The five-factor model of personality is typically called the â€Å"Big Five. † In addition to providing a unifying personality framework, research on the Big Five also has found important relationships between these personality dimens ions and job performance. The five key traits in the Big Five personality model are extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. Extroversion captures one’s comfort level with relationships.Agreeableness refers to an individual’s propensity to defer to others. Conscientiousness is a measure of reliability. Emotional stability taps a person’s ability to withstand stress. Openness to experience addresses one’s range of interests and fascination with novelty. 138. Explain the differences among the following terms: affect, emotions, and moods. (Page 106) Affect is a generic term that covers a broad range of feelings that people experience. It’s an umbrella concept that encompasses both emotions and moods. Emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something.Finally, moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and which lack a contextual stimulus. 139. Can people be emotionless? (Page 109) Some people have severe difficulty in expressing their emotions and understanding the emotions of others. Psychologists call this alexithymia (which is Greek for lack of emotion). People who suffer from alexithymia rarely cry and are often seen by others as bland and cold. Their own feelings make them uncomfortable, and they’re not able to discriminate among their different emotions. Additionally, they’re often at a complete loss to understand what others around them feel. 40. What is emotional intelligence? What are the five dimensions of emotional intelligence? (Page 109) Emotional intelligence refers to an assortment of noncognitive skills, capabilities, and competencies that influence a person’s ability to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressure. It’s composed of five dimensions. Self-awareness is being aware of what you’re feeling. Self-management is the ability to manage one’s own emotions and impulses. Self-motivation is the ability to persist in the face of setbacks and failures. Empathy is the ability to sense how others are feeling.Social skills is the ability to handle the emotions of others. COMPREHENSIVE ESSAYS 141. What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and how might it be used by managers? (Pages 96-97) One of the most widely used personality frameworks is called the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). It is essentially a 100-question personality test that asks people how they usually feel or act in particular situations. On the basis of the answers individuals give to the test, they are classified as extroverted or introverted (E or I), sensing or intuitive (S or N), thinking or feeling (T or F), and perceiving or judging (P or J).These classifications are then combined into sixteen personality types. 142. Discuss Holland’s personality-job fit theory and its importance. (Pages 103-105) John Holland’s personality-job fit theory is based on the notion of fit between an individual’s personality characteristics and his or her occupational environment. Holland presents six personality types and proposes that satisfaction and the propensity to leave a job depend on the degree to which individuals successfully match their personalities to an occupational environment. Each one of the six personality types has a congruent occupational environment.The theory argues that satisfaction is highest and turnover lowest when personality and occupation are in agreement. 143. Discuss whether there are gender differences regarding emotions. (Pages 109-110) The evidence confirms differences between men and women when it comes to emotional reactions and ability to read others. In contrasting the genders, women show greater emotional expression than men; they experience emotions more intensely; and they display more frequent expressions of both positive and negative emotions, except anger.In contrast to men, women also report more c omfort in expressing emotions. Finally, women are better at reading nonverbal and paralinguistic cues than are men. These differences may be explained by the way men and women have been socialized, that women may have more innate ability to read others and present their emotions than do men, and women may have a greater need for social approval, and thus a higher propensity to show positive emotions.